The Nature of the Bureaucracy Essay Example for Free

The Nature of the Bureaucracy Essay Many Americans today have a negative perception of the federal bureaucracy. They consider it a huge, immovable object that hinders progress and intrudes on their lives. Most Americans believe the federal bureaucracy has grown in the last few decades to an enormous size. This is a misperception. Since the 1960s, the size of the federal bureaucracy has been very stable. By contrast, however, state and local bureaucracies have grown steadily since World War II, reflecting the increasing extent to which federal programs are administered by the states. Most Americans also feel that the federal bureaucracy is very wasteful. Whistle-blowers and reports of abuses fuel this perception of waste, which does sometimes occur. The late Senator William Proxmire of Wisconsin was famous for his Golden Fleece awards given to departments and individuals for wasteful spending he found in the bureaucracy. Senator Proxmires focus on spending abuses helped end many wasteful and unwise practices. Writing in the first decades of the twentieth century, the German sociologist Max Weber theorized on governments, institutions, and bureaucracies. Weber believed that bureaucracies function to implement the policies of elected government in a rational, efficient, non-partisan manner. He felt that workers in bureaucracies develop specific expertise and technical knowledge that could not be acquired in the relatively short tenure of elected or appointed policy makers. He also felt that they possess critical knowledge about the history and practice of their agency within the larger framework of government and society and that they provide continuity from one administration to the next, which is essential for an orderly transfer of power under rule of law. Leadership may change, but the engine of government does not falter on account of having a new driver in a government that possesses a strong bureaucracy. Weber identified the structure of a bureaucracy as a hierarchical pyramid with levels of rank and power and a single director at the top. He said bureaucratic jobs tend to require specialized knowledge, such as accounting, statistics, economics, or health care. Obtaining a position within a bureaucracy is ideally based on merit for performing the job rather than on other factors, such as being a friend or relative of someone with pull or being owed a political or financial favor. Modern theorists feel that while Weber made some good observations about bureaucracies, he did not sufficiently address the manner in which bureaucracies function in government. Bureaucracies tend to resist change because change uses resources and introduces unknown elements into the system. For this reason, a bureaucracy is often at odds with elected officials and their appointees, who by contrast often get elected or appointed on a promise to implement change. To minimize the effects of leaders who come and go, a bureaucracy will tend to seek power of its own and uses its power, for the most part, to maintain the status quo. When asked to change, bureaucracies often respond with a request for more people and resources rather than with a plan to restructure or become more efficient. In this way, bureaucracies can become large, cumbersome, and complex if they are not required to account for their own practices. Bureaucracies tend to be monopolistic because it makes little sense to have more than one government agency performing the same function. Complaints about bureaucratic monopolies are generally the same as for corporate monopolies—without competition or some strict means of regulation, a monopoly becomes inefficient at best and tyrannical at worst. Government bureaucratic monopolies can have competition from private sources. The U.S. Post Office, Amtrak, and NASA are all government monopolies. Until recent decades, the U.S. Post Office was by law the only carrier of mail and parcels. Private companies that felt they could deliver packages at a profit lobbied for a change in the law to allow pr ivate carriers. Now there are several parcel delivery companies that are very successful and profitable.

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Introduction Arcor est une socià ©tà © argentine fondà ©e en 1951 par Fulvio Salvador Pagani à   Arroyito, Cordoba. La socià ©tà © est dans l'industrie alimentaire, dans ses produits, nous pouvons trouver de la nourriture, biscuits, crà ¨mes glacà ©es, bonbons et chocolat. Son objectif comme socià ©tà © est d'à ©laborer des produits de qualità © accessibles à   tous les consommateurs dans tout le monde. Arcor est le premier producteur de bonbons dans le monde et la plus grande socià ©tà © argentine avec le plus ouvert marchà ©s, il y a des usines en Argentine, au Pà ©rou, au Mexique, au Brà ©sil et au Chili, l'exportation vers 120 pays sur les cinq continents. Aussi, Arcor fait son propre emballage et il est le premier producteur de cartons en Argentine. Ses revenus sont d'environ 3,300 millions de dollars (C.A) et compte environ 20,000 employà ©s. En 2005, Arcor fait un partenariat avec Danone, ils faisant la plus grande entreprise de biscuits et de cà ©rà ©ales en Amà ©rique du Sud, Bagley Latinoamerica SA. En 2006, une alliance stratà ©gique avec Bimbo au Mexique pour la distribution de chocolats et de bonbons sur le Mexique et le reste du monde a à ©tà © fait. Depuis 2004 Arcor dà ©cidà © participer à   la RSE, et en 2009 ce concept de la RSE passer à   un concept plus abarcative et complà ¨te de la durabilità © et soutenabilità ©. Dans son plan de dà ©veloppement durable Arcor a dà ©fini cinq à ©tapes ils respecter pour rendre leur entreprise, ils sont; 1. Utilisation rationnelle de l'eau. 2. L'efficacità © à ©nergà ©tique et la minimisation des impacts qui contribuent au changement climatique mondial. 3. Utilisation rationnelle de l’emballage. 4. Une alimentation saine. 5. Respect et la protection des droits des travailleurs. Ajoutà © à   cela, les actions groupe Arcor rend les actions plus humani... ...ccà ¨s dans toutes les rà ©gions. En 2012 est effectuà ©e à   la production de cà ©rà ©ales, un marchà © du monde en pleine croissance et hautement concurrentiel. Fournisseurs La relation d'Arcor avec ses fournisseurs est une relation dans laquelle cherche un dà ©veloppement durable et soutenu à   travers d'une relation à   long terme qui supportera ceux-ci à   à ªtre intà ©grà © encore plus à   la chaà ®ne de valeur d’Arcor. Arcor veut porter cette forte relation avec ses fournisseurs à   ses produits pour qu'elle les soit transmise à   ses consommateurs puisque son objectif est d'obtenir l'excellence et la qualità © en ses produits et les services. Le but d’Arcor avec ses fournisseurs dans leurs mots  « Nous avons besoin d'Arcor fournisseurs qui partagent la philosophie de l'entreprise donc cherchà © à   à ©tablir des relations de confiance à   long terme. Grà ¢ce à   une gestion durable de la chaà ®ne de valeur  » Essay -- Introduction Arcor est une socià ©tà © argentine fondà ©e en 1951 par Fulvio Salvador Pagani à   Arroyito, Cordoba. La socià ©tà © est dans l'industrie alimentaire, dans ses produits, nous pouvons trouver de la nourriture, biscuits, crà ¨mes glacà ©es, bonbons et chocolat. Son objectif comme socià ©tà © est d'à ©laborer des produits de qualità © accessibles à   tous les consommateurs dans tout le monde. Arcor est le premier producteur de bonbons dans le monde et la plus grande socià ©tà © argentine avec le plus ouvert marchà ©s, il y a des usines en Argentine, au Pà ©rou, au Mexique, au Brà ©sil et au Chili, l'exportation vers 120 pays sur les cinq continents. Aussi, Arcor fait son propre emballage et il est le premier producteur de cartons en Argentine. Ses revenus sont d'environ 3,300 millions de dollars (C.A) et compte environ 20,000 employà ©s. En 2005, Arcor fait un partenariat avec Danone, ils faisant la plus grande entreprise de biscuits et de cà ©rà ©ales en Amà ©rique du Sud, Bagley Latinoamerica SA. En 2006, une alliance stratà ©gique avec Bimbo au Mexique pour la distribution de chocolats et de bonbons sur le Mexique et le reste du monde a à ©tà © fait. Depuis 2004 Arcor dà ©cidà © participer à   la RSE, et en 2009 ce concept de la RSE passer à   un concept plus abarcative et complà ¨te de la durabilità © et soutenabilità ©. Dans son plan de dà ©veloppement durable Arcor a dà ©fini cinq à ©tapes ils respecter pour rendre leur entreprise, ils sont; 1. Utilisation rationnelle de l'eau. 2. L'efficacità © à ©nergà ©tique et la minimisation des impacts qui contribuent au changement climatique mondial. 3. Utilisation rationnelle de l’emballage. 4. Une alimentation saine. 5. Respect et la protection des droits des travailleurs. Ajoutà © à   cela, les actions groupe Arcor rend les actions plus humani... ...ccà ¨s dans toutes les rà ©gions. En 2012 est effectuà ©e à   la production de cà ©rà ©ales, un marchà © du monde en pleine croissance et hautement concurrentiel. Fournisseurs La relation d'Arcor avec ses fournisseurs est une relation dans laquelle cherche un dà ©veloppement durable et soutenu à   travers d'une relation à   long terme qui supportera ceux-ci à   à ªtre intà ©grà © encore plus à   la chaà ®ne de valeur d’Arcor. Arcor veut porter cette forte relation avec ses fournisseurs à   ses produits pour qu'elle les soit transmise à   ses consommateurs puisque son objectif est d'obtenir l'excellence et la qualità © en ses produits et les services. Le but d’Arcor avec ses fournisseurs dans leurs mots  « Nous avons besoin d'Arcor fournisseurs qui partagent la philosophie de l'entreprise donc cherchà © à   à ©tablir des relations de confiance à   long terme. Grà ¢ce à   une gestion durable de la chaà ®ne de valeur  »

Organized Crime in the Windy City Essay

Known for its long period of criminal activity and rise to becoming one of the strongest crime entities, the Chicago Outfits are one of the most notorious and infamous organized groups that had ever hit Chicago. From the time it rose from Mike McDonald to the fall of Al Capone’s Chicago, this group has successfully continued to grow and rein the streets of Chicago. The structure of this group and criminal activities have made a dent if America’s society. According to Michael Maltz, â€Å"An organized crime is a crime in which there is more than one offender, and the offenders are and intend to remain associated with one another for the purpose of committing crimes. † (Abadinsky 2) and according to Donald Cressey it is â€Å"any crime committed by a person occupying, in an established division of labor†¦.. includes at least one position for a corrupter, one position for a corruptee, and one position for an enforcer. † (Abadinsky 2) and even the Federal organized Crime Control Act of 1970 attempts to define what is organized crime is. They broke it down into eight attributes that include and not limited to the following: no political goals, hierarchical, limited/exclusive membership, unique subculture, perpetuates itself, use of violence, monopolistic and governed by explicit rules and regulations. However the term is defined, all three prove that it is a group of more than one individual working together to commit a series of crime that is done in a matter that is planned out. The structure on organized crime in Chicago is based on the group called the ‘Chicago Outfits’ which are made up of ‘made’ members. According to Lindberg, â€Å"the term ‘made’ comes from La Cosa Nostra terminology and requires a blood ritual. This included Italian bloodlines, sponsorship and support of high-ranking members in a complicated process. † (Lindberg) And through this blood ritual, ‘made’ guys who are sponsored by current captains of La Cosa Nostra bring in the one being sponsored. The blood ritual that they mentioned is exactly what it means, a ritual that requires blood. â€Å"They prick your trigger finger and make it bleed, and then they put a little piece of paper; they set it on fire and you burn it in your hand, and you repeat after them that you will never betray La Cos Nostra, or you will burn like the paper is burning in your hand. Your life does not belong to you anymore; your life belongs to them. † (Abadinsky 86) Membership into the crime group is exclusive only to family members of the father’s side that can range from immediate members to distant members, but as long as they have blood ties to the boss, this secures the possibility of undercover agents infiltrating the family crime group. The ‘made’ guys hold senior advisory status while everyone else is a worker. Unlike the organized crime groups in New York, Chicago crime groups are more cooperative with other groups that are usually dominated by Italians. The structure of Chicago’s crime groups is based off of the Patron-Client network which â€Å"consists of a collection of connected points or junctures†. Bibliography Abadinsky, Howard. Organized Crime, St. John’s University, ninth edition Lindberg, Kirsten, Petrenko, Joseph, Gladden, Jerry, Johnson, Wayne A. Mar98, Traditional Organized Crime in Chicago. , International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 13600869, Vol. 12, Issue 1.

What Is A Gene - 1446 Words

What is a gene? The word Gene derives from the Greek â€Å"genesis† (birth) or â€Å"genos† (origin) and was first coined by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1909. At that time, little or nothing was known about the existence of DNA, and the word gene was used to describe the Mendelian concept of a phenotypical trait that is transmitted through inheritance (Johansen, 1909). The gene as the fundamental unit of heredity is the original meaning of the word as first geneticists intended it. This essentially explains the reason why, during last century, a burst of research occurred in the genetic field: it was carried out in order to discover the genes responsible for the most various traits, from the ones causing diseases to the ones responsible for genetic variation across populations. In fact, the scientific community was convinced that genes retained all the crucial information necessary for organisms’ generation, growth, survival and reproduction (Sarkar, 1998). One of the fundamental discoveries of the 20th century was that DNA was the genetic code’s physical structure (Watson Crick, 1953) and, since then, many studies have disclosed the complicated pattern of regulation and expression of genes, which involve RNA synthesis and its subsequent translation into proteins. Nowadays, if we define genes from a physical/molecular point of view, we usually consider them as a specific sequence of DNA (and its control region), which is inheritable and codes for a product (Protein or RNA) that has aShow MoreRelatedWhat Are Genes And Genes?910 Words   |  4 Pages1. What are Traits? All human beings are unique from one and another, each complex organism has certain traits that can be seen some harder than others. Some traits that are easier to see such as hair and eye color, the other ones that are harder to see are vocal talents, Asthma, and disease risk. Traits can be created through the environment or through genes. 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